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Guantanamo Bay And The War Of Terror - 1756 Words

Guantanamo Bay As Nelson Mandela once said, â€Å"To deny people their human rights is to challenge their very humanity.† Guantà ¡namo bay, Cuba is the home of the oldest U.S naval station base out of the continental U.S. The United States invaded Guantà ¡namo bay and established a base during the Spanish-American war (â€Å"Guantanamo...† 2008, par. 2). After the attack on the twin towers on September 11, 2001, the base’s mission expanded to include the Detainee Mission of the War of Terror (â€Å"Guantanamo†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2008, par. 5). Many issues have risen because of this detention facility. The detainees held at the facility have to and had to face many challenges. The government took away their human rights and treats these detainees very harshly. Currently, there are still detainees held at Guantà ¡namo bay. However, some actions have occurred to stop these inhumane actions, but there have not been enough to close the facility down. Interrogation Techniques Detainees held at Guantanamo bay are all interrogated and later classified as an enemy combatant^1. As each detainee is interrogated, several techniques were used. Some examples of torture techniques used at Guantanamo are Sexual Assault/ Humiliation Sleep Deprivation Sensory Deprivation Solitary Confinements/ Isolation Mock Executions Forced Medication Use of dogs to scare Detainees Temperature Extremes Sensory Bombardment(Noise)^2 Watching Others Being Tortured Psychological Techniques. (â€Å"Torture Techniques†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , 2016,Show MoreRelatedSpencer Hogue. February 27, 2017. Instructor: Mrs. Nutter.1584 Words   |  7 PagesSpencer Hogue February 27, 2017 Instructor: Mrs. Nutter English 121 The War on Terror Through the Lens of Guantanamo Bay You wake up in a dimly-lit room laying down, your back flat on a cold table, facing unfamiliar men standing over you. You attempt to move, but your arms and legs are strapped down leaving you completely defenseless. Panicking, you begin to scream, but your screams are cut short as a wet cloth is laid over your face. You feel water being poured over the cloth and you begin choking;Read MoreGuantanamo Bay Is Not Cool852 Words   |  4 PagesGuantanamo Bay is Not Cool America is better off if Guantanamo Bay was shut down. The Politics of Guantà ¡namo. The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 18 Oct. 2014. Web. Nov. 2015.1 President Obama called for Guantanamo Bay to be shut down back in 2009. It is now 2015 and Guantanamo Bay is still open and still holding many types of prisoners. Guantanamo Bay mainly holds suspected terrorists, but also holds other types of prisoners. Prisoners being held captive have been imprisoned and have yetRead MoreThe Raising Issues Of Guantanamo Bay1047 Words   |  5 PagesThe Raising Issues Of Guantanamo Bay The issues that have had cause a lot of controversy since 2002.The closing of Guantanamo Bay has led to be the most reported prison that’s held prisoners against their own will. Due to against war on terror, but has yet most detainees havn’t been charged. We wonder in the closing of Guantanamo Bay who will it affect, what will happen, when will the closing of Guantanamo Bay takes place, and how will this play a role in the world today. If President Obama choosesRead MoreGuantanamo Bay : Military Maximum Security Prison899 Words   |  4 Pages Guantanamo Bay is a U.S. Military maximum security prison that is considered a detainee camp for unlawful enemy combatants. Guantanamo has become a worldwide focal point because of the reports of abuse, torture and the prolonged trials for detainees and its closure and release of its detainees has been called for by many. World leaders, media outlets and humanitarian organizations have requested the closure and release of these detention facilities and their detainees, but it remains vital thatRead MoreThe Habeas Corpus Law in the US1416 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Many may not know this but following his inauguration, President Obama did put in some orders to basically just shut down the U.S. prison at Guantanamo Bay within one year. However, about two years later, nevertheless, Obamas plan to close Guantanamo is in disasters. In excess of 180 prisoners that still remain at Guantanamo, and new legislation is making it tremendously problematic to transfer extra prisoners from the naval base. Defense Secretary Robert Gates lately named the forecastsRead More Terrorism: Guantanamo Bay Detention Center Essay1814 Words   |  8 Pages Detainees held in Guantanamo Bay Detention Center located in Cuba are not only potential terrorists, but are also potential threats to our country, families, and loved ones. Detainees have been stricken of their rights to due process and a fair trial in compliance to George Bush enacting the USA PATRIOT Act, after the September 11th bombings. Guantanamo bay should not be shut down, because the detention ce nter allows us to prevent future attacks to the country, question and gain highRead MoreIs Indefinite Detention Of Terror Suspects Justified?1505 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Is Indefinite Detention of Terror Suspects Justified?† It is against human rights to detain and place possible terror suspects in detention centers without a trail. In America, everyone has a right to a fair trial even if a suspect could potentially pose a threat to our country. It is in violation to the Fifth Amendment and the essence of American due process and the rule of law. It is also going against what our Founding Fathers originally acclaimed our rights were. I find it unethical and isRead MoreThe Politics of the Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp2056 Words   |  9 PagesPolitics of the Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp Guantanamo Bay, also known as Gitmo, is a United States Detention Camp located in the Guantanamo Naval Base in South Eastern Cuba. The United States gained control of the Guantanamo Bay area in the 1903 Cuban-American treaty in which the United States gained the right to control the Cuban territory while at the same time recognizing the Cuban state sovereignty (Nofi, 112). In the year 1970, the United States began to use part of the Guantanamo Naval BaseRead MoreThe Rights Of Guantanamo Bay1135 Words   |  5 Pages Guantanamo Bay was attained by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903, when he signed an agreement with the Cuban government leasing the land in return for 2,000 gold coins a year. For years after the agreement was signed, Guantanamo Bay was used as a naval base, as well as to spy on Communist Cuba in the 1930’s. In November of 1991, an overthrow of the Haitian government left thousands of Haitians fleeing dictatorship. The Bush Administration announced that it would erect a â€Å"tent shelter† in order to houseRead MoreAmericas War on Terror Essay1677 Words   |  7 Pagesattacks (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act), and intervention in Afghanistan, the United States had begun its War on Terror. This war was shepherded by then President George W. Bush. These actions marked the beginning of the War on Terror, and laid the groundwork for the problems experienced by the Obama administration almost ten years later. The USA PATRIOT Act was a statute designed to unburden law enforcement agencies

Worldwide Employee Engagement Crisis †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Worldwide Employee Engagement Crisis. Answer: Introduction Every day, the corporate business life involves decision-making based on the evidences that in turn allows the organization to move forward and make further decisions. Company identification is a very important component of a business strategy. On one hand, the economic systems are dynamic and the situation of the company is likely to change rapidly. Hence, the superiors of the company must continuously adapt themselves with the latest or new conditions and adjust their behavior accordingly (Wilton, 2016). On the other hand, a manager or the actors of the systems cannot be sure about the chosen solution that whether it will be the best one or the worst. This report aims to produce open discussion among the pupil by providing them a realistic illustration of the corporate world. The best strategy to minimize the employee turnover is to hire the candidates who fit well into the organization and firing the ones who do not. Ensure that the hiring process is right and hire the right candidates for the position in the organization. Sell the position to the candidates by appealing to why they are suitable for the culture. Quarry deep and make sure that the top candidate who fit in the terms of competencies, behavior, capacities, values and emotional intelligence. There are times when no matter what you do to motivate and promote the employees, they do not just fit into the organization and are bad for the culture, hence creating culture debt (Carnahan, Kryscynski Olson, 2017). Those workers do harm more harm than good by contaminating the well of the company. So, cut them loose. Process of Onboarding and Recruitment Onboarding is also called organizational socialization. It refers to the contraption through which the new hired candidates gain the skills, knowledge and behaviors that are necessary to become an effective organizational members. Enlightening the new employees about the opportunities that exists in the organization by reinforcing them and their reasons behind choosing the organization, educating them regarding the potential career scopes that are available, impassioning them by challenging them in productive ways, recognize their efforts and reward them for their result would encourage them greatly. Recruitment planning: Draft an inclusive job specification for the available vacant position. Outline the skills, qualifications and experiences that is needed, the major and minor responsibilities of the position (Carter, 2015). Mention the level of pay, the starting day and whether it is for temporary or permanent position. In addition to these, mention the additional information such as the special conditions, if any. Strategy development: The strategic considerations that are to be considered includes the issues such as- the type of recruitment techniques that are to be used, whether to hire the candidates from outside or prepare them themselves, the source of recruitment that is to be practiced, what geographical area is to be considered in order to search the candidates (Dandaro, Silve Carvalho, 2017) and the sequence of activities that are to be followed for recruiting the candidates in the company. Searching: The nest is the process of searching. It involves attracting the job seekers to the company. There are mainly two sources that are used in order to attract the candidates. They are- External and internal. Screening: According to some other views, screening is the starting point of a selection but in this section, it is considered as an essential and fundamental part of recruitment. The reason behind it is the fact that the selection process gets started only after the job applications have been both screened and shortlisted (Korte, 2013). The processes that are used in screening vary largely depending on the method used for the recruitment and the source of supply. They include de-selection tests, preliminary applications and screening interviews. Evaluation and Control: The evaluation and control of the recruitment process are imperative (Breaugh, 2017). The costs that are usually incurred in the recruitment process involves salary of the recruiters, administrative expenses, the cost of the time that is spent in preparing advertisement and job analysis, the cost of outsourcing at the time when vacancies remain unfilled, and the cost that is experienced in recruiting the unsuitable candidates. Process of On-boarding: Start the on-boarding before hiring: It is true that a successful on-barding starts before a candidate is hired. As on-boarding is the process of integrating a new candidate into the company culture, hence it is easy to see that the exposure to the company starts with the recruitment process itself (Brewster Hegewisch, 2017). Ensure that the recruiting strategies are aligned with the company culture. Or else, a negative impression may linger and will ultimately lead to the retention issues at some or the other point. Optimize Orientation: Optimizing orientation is an important next step. Planning for the employees first day signifies that the company is sincere in his successful transition. Handle the orientation process consisting education about the company and policies right before the first day of the employment. Train with a clear purpose: training of the new candidate should start immediately and it should also be an outgoing structured process. The initial training includes confirming and clarifying the new candidates regarding the company. After that, it must cover the things such as companys best practices, organizational programs, goal-setting sessions, instructions on how to use the provide resources and technologies and practice-based learning (Aswathappa, 2013). It helps the candidates to focus on making the best use of the opportunities that are provided by the organization. Coach for culture: The aim of the coach must be to help the new employee in understanding the organizational culture. It must involve regular check-ins in their first few months of employment because a new employee would not find issues on day one itself. This supporting and nurturing environment in the company takes much of the stress of the transitions out of the equation. This ultimately leads to improvement in the employee outcomes. Build a better network: It is the final piece of the process of onboarding. This process involves helping the new candidate in making the connection he needs in order to succeed the long-term with the company. The social integration with the other employees is very important for success. So, encourage a new hire to build a high-quality relationships with the leader and the other team members. An employee who feels himself to be a part of the community is less likely to leave the organization down the road. Investing an appropriate time after structuring an onboarding process and recruitment process and integrating new candidates into the company culture by the above processes will give a positive ROI (Return On Investment) in terms of engagement and retention of the employee. Process of orientation training The term Orientation means providing the new hire with basic information regarding the employer. Orientation and the training programs are the key components in developing a flexible and committed high-potential workforce at the workplace. It socializes the new employees. In addition to that, these training programs also save the employers money and provide the organization with big returns because an organization, which invests money in order to train its employees, results in enjoying the dividends by both the employees and the organization (Farmer et al., 2017). The various processes of Orientation training program include showing new candidates how to perform their work effectively, efficiently and safely. It is the perfect time to start soft skills training and to introduce the new employees to the company culture, its products, goals, competitors and policies. Adding these to ones new employee checklist will greatly improve the employee retention and worker satisfaction. This n return will increase both personal and professional growth as well. Thus, this helps the organization in achieving its long-term goals. Performance management is a process by which the employees and the managers work together to plan and review the employees work objectives and his overall contribution in the organization. It is a continues process of planning and setting goals and objectives, providing on-going coaching and feedback and assessing progress of the employee in order to ensure that the employees are meeting the objectives and their career goals (Shields et al., 2015). Updating Job description will help a lot. It clearly explains the job seekers about the companys expectations from them (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The job description must include the company goals, the employees responsibilities and it must be continuously updated in order to reflect the current condition and the future possibilities. An efficient job description has the potential to serve as a very helpful tool for the valuable employees who wants to carve a great career path in that organization (Ates et al., 2013). Encourage training a nd development in the company. It will help the employees to perform at higher level. In addition, cultivating a coaching environment creates a positive impact on the employee morale (Booth, 2015). Employees really value the benefits provided to them more than others do. The various benefits that a company can provide to its employees include health care benefit, retirement benefit, workplace flexibility, wellness program, Pay raise, Maternity or Paternity leave, Hazard pay, Work breaks and meal breaks, severance pay, vacation leave, paid holidays, worker compensation, unemployment benefits, paid overtime and tuition reimbursement. Discipline is the bridge between goals and accomplishment. A company adopts many discipline policies in order to address and identify employee and the employment related problems. It is the process of training an employee so that he can develop self-control and become more efficient and effective in his work. The main objective of discipline policies is to develop a spirit of tolerance among the employees and a desire to make adjustments. There is no perfect approach for handling employee discipline. Some employers adopt zero tolerance policies, as they are more interested in eliminating the employee after identifying the problem. There are also other employers who seeks to assist the employees who experience the workplace problems and tailor the existing discipline policy. However, there are few steps for a progressive discipline policy. They include verbal caution, verbal warning, written warning, suspension, termination, decision-making leave. Complaints policy including company obligations and employee rights It is the duty of the employer to ensure that all his employees receive certain basic rights of employment. The rights include fair compensation, right to privacy, and freedom from discrimination (Repa, 2014). To pay the employee wages and the other necessary payments those are to be made. To give the workers, weekly rest day, leaves and holidays To respect the employee human dignity To provide the employees with the necessary materials and implements for their performance at the work To cover the total cost of medical test of the employee whenever required (Tekleab, Orvis Taylor, 2013) To perform his task that is specified in the contract of employment. To handle all the instruments and tools that are entrusted to him for working with due care To give all the proper aid when an imminent danger or accident takes place in his working place without risking his health and safety. To come to work in fit physical and mental condition To follow the instructions that are specified in the contract of employment Methods to gauge employee morale Managing employee morale and maintain the same is one of the most important functions of an effective HR and the most difficult of them is measuring the morale. A natural place to begin the measurement of the employee morale is churn rate. A high level of staff turnovers is a strong indicator of morale related issues in a particular team. It is also very essential to look a little deeper and sincerely into that data (Ivey, Blanc Mantler, 2015). Other than this, an employee attitude survey or feedbacks allow the employer to monitor the morale at a higher level. In addition to that, employee morale is frequently visible in the level of engagement he have within the business (Shea et al., 2014). If the morale is high, the employees will care about the effectiveness and the future of the company and when the morale is low, it will lead to apathy. By aligning the people with business objectives, the employer can ensure that the investment that they have made in their development reflects and is targeted to the strategic direction of the company and this process needs to be an ongoing commitment. The very first step in the aligning of the people is to analyze the corporate business objectives such as- which role is going to be the most important for the business growth? What are the positions that are vital now? What are the aims of the organization that are to be achieved in the next 5 to 10 years? The next is establishing the key competencies that are required in order to tackle these roles (Mann Harter, 2016). Conduct a talent audit of the existing talents. Examine the existing workforce in the company. This will help in determining the skill gaps that are to be filled in order to achieve better alignment and then fill those gaps. A successful team could be built by establishing a leadership, building relationships with the employees, fostering teamwork, planning ground rules for the team, appreciating the efforts of the employees, and rewarding them for the same. How to build ownership by introducing accountability for employees Accountability is one of the most important features of a workplace. When the employees take the responsibility of their own work, they feel entitled by their process of decision-making and engage within the organization. Identically, when the team leaders or the supportive employers gets to hold their respective team accountable for what they do, the output is a committed team upon which the leaders can completely rely. The employees experience greater level of satisfaction with their work in a high accountability environments and with the same, they also undergo higher level of job strain (Guilding, Lamminmaki McManus, 2014). This makes them feel like an owner as they are taking the ownership of their decision and accepting the outcomes of their actions at the time of high stakes. References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Aswathappa, K. (2013).Human resource management: Text and cases. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Ates, A., Garengo, P., Cocca, P., Bititci, U. (2013). The development of SME managerial practice for effective performance management.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,20(1), 28-54. Booth, S. A. (2015).Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises.Routledge. Breaugh, J. A. (2017). to Recruitment.The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of Recruitment, Selection and Employee Retention, 12. Brewster, C., Hegewisch, A. (Eds.). (2017).Policy and Practice in European Human Resource Management: The Price Waterhouse Cranfield Survey. Taylor Francis. Carnahan, S., Kryscynski, D., Olson, D. (2017). When does corporate social responsibility reduce employee turnover? Evidence from attorneys before and after 9/11.Academy of Management Journal,60(5), 1932-1962. Carter, T. (2015). Hire right: the first time: how to improve your recruitment onboarding process.Journal of Property Management,80(3), 26-30. Dandaro, F., Silva, A. C., Carvalho, D. O. D. (2017). Human Resources: The Process of Recruitment and Selection in Small Businesses.Weber Business Management. Farmer, E., Van Rooij, J., Riemersma, J., Jorna, P. (2017).Handbook of simulator-based training. Routledge. Guilding, C., Lamminmaki, D., McManus, L. (2014). Staff turnover costs: In search of accountability.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, 231-243. Ivey, G. W., Blanc, J. R. S., Mantler, J. (2015). An assessment of the overlap between morale and work engagement in a nonoperational military sample.Journal of occupational health psychology,20(3), 338. Korte, R. (2013). A brief introduction to: organizational learning, performance, change. Mann, A., Harter, J. (2016). The worldwide employee engagement crisis.Gallup Business Journal,7. Repa, B. K. (2014).Your rights in the workplace. Nolo. Shea, C. M., Jacobs, S. R., Esserman, D. A., Bruce, K., Weiner, B. J. (2014). Organizational readiness for implementing change: a psychometric assessment of a new measure.Implementation Science,9(1), 7. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Tekleab, A. G., Orvis, K. A., Taylor, M. S. (2013). Deleterious consequences of change in newcomers employer-based psychological contract obligations.Journal of Business and Psychology,28(3), 361-374. Wilton, N. (2016).An introduction to human resource management. Sage.

Magnesium Oxide Chemistry Report free essay sample

The purpose of this experiment is to perform an experiment of the combustion of magnesium and gather precise data of masses and find the number of moles of the substance through the stoichiometry mole equation in order to evaluate the empirical formula of magnesium oxide. In chemistry, compounds can be-be distinguished by using the empirical formula. The formula gives the simplest positive ratio integer ratio elements in a compound. The American formula is largely used in determining the ratio of elements within ionic compounds where the structure is of no-directional nature of bonding where any ion at any time could be surrounded by 4,6 or 8 oppositely charged ions.Which creates a pattern of an endless repeating lattice of ions they do not exist as a free unit of atoms but in a crystal lattice with repeating ions in specific ratios which is why the empirical formula is used as a form of identification for defining an ionic-bonded substance. We will write a custom essay sample on Magnesium Oxide Chemistry Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The predicted formula of magnesium oxide is MgO from knowledge of the periodic table and understanding of bonding. In order to determine the empirical formula, for when two reactants undergo a chemical reaction. the number of moles from of each element that combines together to form a compound must be found. The value of moles of the different atoms in a compound is needed. The number of particles, in one mole in a substance is defined as the number of atoms within 12 grams of C12. Mole is a unit used to measure the number of atoms, it can be compared to the unit dozen which is used to refer to anything that has a value of 12. One mole is 6ÃÆ' x 1023 atoms or molecules and this unit is known as the Avogadro number. In order to determine the formulae by experiment, Magnesium metal (strip) is heated in air until it is combined by oxygen creating magnesium oxide.The combustion of magnesium will give data which can be used to calculate the empirical formula of magnesium oxide. The amount of oxygen can be determined by the law of conversation of mass; as the oxygen will react with the magnesium ribbon to produce a measure amount of magnesium oxide. Which can be converted into mole do find the simplest molar ratio giving the empirical formula of magnesium. The valence bond theory is a chemical bonding theory that uses Lewis structures, to demonstrate how bonds are formed using shared electrons between overlapping orbitals on adjacent atoms. An ionic compound is formed by movement of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal which means an octet has be produced from remain ions. During this process the number of protons does not change; using the periodic table we can see that metal atoms in Groups 1-3 lose electrons to non-metal atoms with 5-7 electrons missing in the outer level.

ruling ideologies essays

ruling ideologies essays Take-Home Exam November 16, 1999 The ruling ideology dealing with welfare is a negative view among the majority of Americans. It states that welfare recipients are lazy people who have lots of children and collect checks for a long period of time. This statement is believed mostly among higher-class people because they feel that if they can work hard for their money, welfare recipients can do the same, and not live off other peoples money. Charles Murray supports the statement welfare policies encourage poor women to have more children in one of his books, but is proven wrong by careful studies and demographics. It has been studied that welfare has almost no effect on bearing children. These studies show that younger women are more likely to be poor and their poverty makes their children poor. American adults by far are more unequal in wealth and income than any other industrial society as well as the declining incomes of young men since the mid-1970s. Many young men cannot afford to keep their children out of poverty or decide not to the handle the duties or responsibilities of marriage, leaving young mothers and children even poorer, leading them to depend on welfare. According to a New York Times article dated 2/29/92, there are fewer children receiving assistance from welfare and are not just being lazy but and collecting checks, but actually getting off welfare. This ruling ideology that most of the American society supports leads to the lack of wide political support and budget-cutting of means-tested programs. These mean-tested programs are available only to those people who can prove that they are poor. Only Social Security and Medicare, both Universal programs, have largely survived cutbacks in recent years because it is widely accepted throughout the American society. The reason it is accepted in the American society is that everybody contri ...

Ealth care process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ealth care process - Essay Example By reviewing the steps and their sequence as to who performs each step, and how efficiently the process works, an organization can often visualize opportunities for improvement. The process mapping tool may also be used to evaluate or redesign a current process. Additional information, including tools and resources to assist an organization that wants to adopt process mapping as an improvement strategy, can be found in the Redesigning a System of Care to Promote QI module. Specific steps are required to deliver optimal health care services. When these steps are tied to pertinent clinical guidelines, then optimal outcomes are achieved. These essential steps are referred to as the critical (or clinical) pathway. The critical pathway steps can be mapped as described above. By mapping the current critical pathway for a particular service, an organization gains a better understanding of what and how care is provided. When an organization compares its map to one that shows optimal care for a service that is congruent with evidence-based guidelines, it sees other opportunities to provide or improve delivered care. In this module, improvement strategies are presented based on what has worked for other health care organizations. Changes are applied throughout an existing critical pathway so it works more effectively. QI strives to enable an organization to achieve the ideal critical pathway, which is one that allows the care team and patient to interact productively and efficiently to achieve optimal health outcomes.

Diversity, legal rights of students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diversity, legal rights of students - Essay Example The IEP channels the delivery of special education services and supports for the student with a disability (La Venture, 2003). 3) Evaluations for special education. It should involve more than a single process, be nondiscriminatory, be done in a child's primary language, arranged by qualified multidisciplinary team, and tailored to gauge particular areas of need (La Venture, 2003). 4) Federal financial assistance. It will be given to local and state governments that provide full educational opportunities to students with disabilities. Since federal law regulates the rights of education for students with special needs, and due to the additional costs associated with educating these students, federal money is made available to schools based upon the number of students in the special education program. Every student, regardless of cost or disability, should be given by public school districts the right to an education within their schools (La Venture, 2003). 5) Due process procedures. Occasionally school districts and parents argue on how a child with disabilities must be educated. When this occurs, there are measures in place to deal with these conflicts. Parent involvement consists of a) the right to receive notice, b) equal partnership in the decision-making pr... ght to give approval for particular activities such as changes in placement, assessments, and release of information to others, d) and the right to join in all meetings regarding their child's special education (La Venture, 2003). 6) Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) in which to learn. This concept reveals the act's solid inclination for educating students with disabilities in general education classes with the access to general education curriculum. Education in the general education classroom is the first placement preference the IEP team should consider. If the IEP team concludes that the student can be properly educated in the general education classroom via adjustments/additional services and aids, this is the LRE for that student (La Venture, 2003). The Four IDEA Re-authorizations 1) PL 99-457 (1986). PL 99-457 or "The Preschool Law" expanded services for young children or infants who are at risk or have disabilities. Two parts of the law, Part B and H, summarize services for children from 0 to 5 years old. Part B states that each state shall extend all the provisions of the law to young children with disabilities. Young children are now entitled to the six chief mandates that used to just cover older students. All states that will not conform will lose the federal funds they had been getting for other pre-school services. Part H encourages states to devise and execute a broad method of intervention for toddlers or even infants with disabilities or developmental delay (Apling & Jones, 2002). 2) PL 101-476 (1990). PL 101-476 amended the title of the special education act to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), also known as the "Person First" act. The aim of the law is to understand children first and the disability second. All terms having the